{"id":4503,"date":"2023-07-06T10:04:47","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T10:04:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/torahmates.org\/jewish-resources\/?p=4503"},"modified":"2025-08-05T12:57:12","modified_gmt":"2025-08-05T12:57:12","slug":"the-three-weeks-and-9th-of-av","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.torahmates.org\/jewish-resources\/the-three-weeks-and-9th-of-av\/","title":{"rendered":"The Three Weeks, The 17th of Tammuz, and the 9th of Av"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">An Oorah Holiday Guide<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The three weeks that begin on Shiva Asar B&#8217;Tammuz (17th of <em>Tammuz) <\/em>and end on <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> (the 9th of Av) are a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.torahmates.org\/jewish-resources\/the-first-7-days-a-shiva-guide-for-mourners-and-comforters\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">period of mourning<\/a> for the Jewish people. It was during this period that both of our Holy Temples were destroyed.<br>There are two periods within these three weeks. During the period beginning from 17th of <em>Tammuz <\/em>until the end of the month of <em>Tammuz <\/em>(a period of thirteen days) the mourning is not as intense. The mourning during the final nine days, beginning with the first of Av until <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em>, is intensified and many additional practices of mourning are added. (This is according to Ashkenazic practice. According to Sephardic practice, the mourning during these periods is more lenient, only intensifying during the actual week in which <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> falls.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the first thirteen days the following practices are observed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>We do not perform weddings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The blessing of <em>shehecheyanu<\/em> is not recited. We therefore avoid purchasing or wearing new garments that require this blessing during this period.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One should not shave or get a haircut (permitted for Sephardim).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We do not listen to music.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>During the final nine days we continue to follow these restrictions in addition to which we add the following practices:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Meat and wine are forbidden except on Shabbos (Shabbat).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We do not do construction when its primary purpose is pleasure (such as building a swimming pool) or aesthetic (such as painting).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We avoid pleasurable bathing during this period.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One should not launder clothing during this period, nor do we wear fresh clothing (except for Shabbos).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We do not cut our nails during this period.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Only the first two are forbidden for Sephardim. The other three are permitted for Sephardim until the week of <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em>. When <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> is on Sunday, they are only forbidden on <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are leniencies that can be relied upon with regard to these restrictions in cases of significant difficulty. In any such case, one should consult a competent rabbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shiva Asar B&#8217;Tammuz &#8211; The Seventeenth of Tammuz<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Seventeenth of <em>Tammuz <\/em>is the anniversary of several tragic events in Jewish history:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <em>luchot <\/em>were broken on this day when Moses came down from Sinai and found the Jews worshiping the golden calf.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <em>Tamid <\/em>(daily) sacrifice was discontinued on this day. (There is some disagreement in the sources as to when this happened (or, more accurately, which interruption of the <em>Tamid <\/em>service is commemorated on the 17th of Tammuz). Maimonides writes that this occurred prior to the destruction of the first Temple, when Jerusalem was under siege and they were unable to get the necessary sheep. Others say that it occurred prior to the the destruction of the second Temple. And some say that this refers to an interruption of the <em>Tamid <\/em>service that took place at an earlier part of the second Temple period, under Hasmonean rule.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Romans penetrated the city walls of Jerusalem on this day prior to the destruction of the second Temple.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An idol was erected in the Temple on this day. (There is a difference of opinion in the Talmud (Yer. Taanis 4:5) whether this is talking about the first or second <em>Beit HaMikdash<\/em>.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Torah was burnt on this day by Apustemus, one of the Greek oppressors.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>In memory of these events we are required to fast on this day to inspire ourselves to repentance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The fast begins at the <em>alos hashachar<\/em>, when some light of the sun begins to be noticeable on the horizon,and ends at nightfall. During this time we neither eat nor drink any food whatsoever, not even water. Even though we are, strictly speaking, permitted to bathe on this fast day (unlike Tisha&nbsp;<em>B\u2019Av<\/em>&nbsp;and Yom Kippur) the custom is not to bathe on&nbsp;<em>Shiva Asar B\u2019Tammuz<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pregnant or nursing women, as well as anyone else for whom fasting may be a health problem should consult with a rabbi whether they are permitted to fast. Children below the age of majority (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.torahmates.org\/jewish-resources\/bar-vs-bat-mitzvah-significance-and-celebrations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">bar or bat mitzvah<\/a>) do not fast. (In some communities, it is customary for children to begin fasting a short time before they become bar\/bat mitzvah.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is important to recognize that the primary idea behind a fast is to meditate on the fact that these sufferings came upon us because the sins of our ancestors, sins which we continue to commit, and that we must repent. Someone who fasts but spends the day in frivolous activity has completely missed the point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The fast of <em>Shiva Asar B\u2019Tammuz<\/em> marks the beginning of a three-week period of national mourning for the Jews that is completed on <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em>, the ninth of Av.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shabbos and the 17th of Tammuz<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>When the 17th of Tammuz falls on Shabbos, the fast is postponed until Sunday.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Interruption of the Tamid Sacrifice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the tragic events of the 17th of <em>Tammuz <\/em>was the interruption of the korban <em>tamid <\/em>(the daily offering of two sheep in the Temple). There is some disagreement in the sources as to when this happened (or, more accurately, which interruption of the <em>Tamid <\/em>service is commemorated on the 17th of Tammuz). Maimonides writes that this occurred prior to the destruction of the first Temple, when Jerusalem was under siege and they were unable to get the necessary sheep. Others say that it occurred prior to the the destruction of the second Temple. And some say that this refers to an interruption of the <em>Tamid <\/em>service that took place at an earlier part of the second Temple period, under Hasmonean rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to understand what happened at that time, we will first need to quickly review some history. At the beginning of the second Temple period, when the Jewish people returned to the land of Israel and rebuilt the Temple, they did so under Persian rule. When the Greeks, led by Alexander the Great, conquered the Persian empire, the Jewish commonwealth also came under Greek rule. After some time, the Greeks began to oppress the Jews and attempted to outlaw the observance of Judaism. The Jewish people, under the leadership of the priestly Hasmonean family, revolted against the Greeks. After their miraculous victory (celebrated on Chanukah), the<br>Hasmonean family became the kings of the Jewish commonwealth in the land of Israel. The Hasmonean family ruled for a little more than a century, until they were displaced by Herod (with the support of the Romans).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the early Hasmonean leaders were truly righteous and great men, over time their descendants were not always so good. Towards the end of the Hasmonean period, there was a struggle between two Hasmonean brothers, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus (the sons of the previous king, Alexander Jannaeus), over who should be king which eventually led to war. Hyrcanus allied himself with a non-Jewish king and made a siege on Jerusalem. (It was during this siege that the <em>Tamid <\/em>service was interrupted.) Eventually the famous Roman general, Pompey, got involved, and when all was done, the Romans had become the ruling power in Jerusalem. Thus, the struggle between Hyrcanus and Aristobulus was what first enabled the Romans to assume control over the land of Israel, which ultimately led to the destruction of the Jewish commonwealth and the second Temple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is is significant that the initiating event that ultimately led to the destruction of the Temple and the exile of the Jewish people was a struggle between two jealous brothers, for the Talmud (Yoma 9b) tells us that the second Temple was destroyed because of the sin of <em>sinas chinam<\/em> &#8211; unjustified hatred. As Jews, we believe that God directs the events of history, and nothing simply happens on its own. This event was a sign, both to the people of that time and for all generations, of the inseparable connection between our relationship with God &#8211; symbolized by the Temple &#8211; and our relationship with our fellow men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button tm-cta\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/torahmates.org\/sign-up.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn More! Join TorahMates<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tisha B&#8217;Av &#8211; The 9th of Av<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>On the 9th of Av it was decreed on our fathers that they would not enter the Land (of Israel) [Bamidbar 14], the Temple was destroyed the first time and the second time, Beitar (the stronghold of the Bar Kochba rebellion) was captured, and the city (of Jerusalem) was plowed under.<br>(Talmud Taanis 4)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the anniversary of the most tragic events in Jewish history, the 9th of Av is the most important day of mourning in the Jewish year. Other than <em>Yom Kippur<\/em>, it is the only fast day in the year that lasts a full night and day. All other fasts begin in the morning and end that night. <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> begins at sundown and continues until the following nightfall. <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> carries several additional prohibitions that are not required by the other fasts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prohibitions<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The following is a list of the basic prohibitions on <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>We are forbidden to eat or drink anything for the entire period. (A person who has difficulty fasting for health reasons should consult a rabbi.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is forbidden to wash oneself, even just one finger. The only exception is the required washing upon rising in the morning and after using the bathroom. Even in these cases we may only wash until the knuckles. If one has soiled his hands he is permitted to clean the soiled area only.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is forbidden to wear leather shoes. (There is no prohibition against other leather items.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marital relations are forbidden.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With several exceptions, one may not study Torah on <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> because the study of Torah brings joy. The exceptions are the book of <em>Eichah <\/em>(Lamentations), the book of Job, the \u201cbad\u201d passages in <em>Yirmiyah <\/em>(omitting the passages of consolation), and various Talmudic and Midrashic passages which deal with the destruction of the first and second Temples and with the laws of mourning. Even in these cases we are not permitted to study in depth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>We are not permitted to greet each other on <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em>, even to say good morning. If you encounter someone who is unaware of this law and he greets you, it is best to inform him of the law (in a polite manner) so that he will not resent your non-response. If this is not possible, then one should respond in a low voice and with a somber manner.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The night of <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> and the following day until <em>chatzos hayom<\/em> (midday) we do not sit in a normal chair. Instead, we sit on the ground or on a low stool.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is best to avoid work on <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> until <em>chatzos hayom<\/em> (midday).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One should not go for pleasurable walks or engage in any other activity that might distract from the mourning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Day Before<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the fast itself begins at sunset, certain aspects of the mourning of <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> begin earlier. From <em>chatzos hayom<\/em> (midday) of the eighth of Av and on, it is best to refrain from Torah study in the same manner that one must on <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> itself. However, many authorities are lenient in this matter. Certainly one should not engage in frivolous activity but should prepare himself for the upcoming fast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is customary to eat a meal before <em>Mincha <\/em>(afternoon prayers). This meal carries no restrictions. It is customary to eat well at this meal in preparation for the fast, but care must be taken not to overeat so that one can eat the <em>Seudah HaMafseket<\/em> comfortably.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tachanun is not recited during Mincha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After the <em>Mincha <\/em>prayers it is customary to eat the last meal. This meal is called the <em>Seudah HaMafseket<\/em> (Separating Meal). It is forbidden to eat more than one cooked food at this meal. (This includes any form of cooking even roasted, fried, or pickled.) Meat, wine and fish are forbidden. Intoxicating drinks should be completely avoided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The meal is eaten sitting on the ground or a low seat. It is customary to eat a hard-boiled egg (which serves as the cooked food). It is also customary to eat a piece of bread dipped into ashes and to declare, \u201cThis is the <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> meal.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the meal, three men should not sit together so that they will not have to recite the <em>Birchas HaMazon<\/em> (Grace after Meals) as a group (<em>mezuman<\/em>). If they do eat together they still do not form a group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When the eve of <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> falls on <em>Shabbat<\/em>, none of these restrictions apply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tisha B\u2019Av Night<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>All of the prohibitions of <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> begin at sundown. It is therefore necessary to remove one\u2019s leather shoes shortly before sundown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The custom is to remove the <em>paroches <\/em>(curtain) from the <em>Aron Hakodesh<\/em> (Holy Ark) in the synagogue before <em>Maariv <\/em>(evening prayers), and to reduce the lighting in the synagogue. (In many synagogues, it is customary to pray by candlelight on <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> night.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After <em>Maariv <\/em>is completed, the book of <em>Eichah <\/em>(Lamentations) is read aloud to the congregation. After <em>Eichah <\/em>is completed, the congregation recites <em>Kinos<\/em>, poetic prayers of lamentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is proper for a person to sleep in a less comfortable manner than he is normally accustomed to. If he usually sleeps with two pillows then he should sleep with only one. Some have the custom to sleep on the ground on the night of <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> and to rest their head on a stone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tisha B\u2019Av Day<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>At <em>Shacharis <\/em>(morning prayers) on <em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> morning, <em>talis <\/em>and <em>tefillin <\/em>are not worn. (They are worn during <em>Mincha <\/em>instead.) The small tzitzit is still worn but no blessing is recited. <em>Tachanun <\/em>is not recited. The <em>Torah <\/em>is taken out and the portion of Deuteronomy 4:25-40 is read and the haftarah from Isaiah 8:13 &#8211; 9:23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After the <em>Torah <\/em>reading the congregation recites <em>Kinos<\/em>. This should last until a little before <em>chatzos hayom<\/em> (midday). After <em>Kinos <\/em>the prayers are completed. <em>Lamnatzeach<\/em> and the second verse of <em>Uvo L\u2019Tzion<\/em> (<em>V\u2019Ani Zot Briti\u2026<\/em>) are omitted. We do not say <em>Shir Shel Yom<\/em> now but wait until <em>Mincha<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is proper for every person to read the book of <em>Eichah <\/em>again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After <em>chatzos hayom<\/em> (midday) it is permissible to sit on an ordinary seat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At <em>Mincha <\/em>we don <em>talis <\/em>and <em>tefillin<\/em>. The Torah is taken out and the standard portion and haftarah for fast days is read.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the <em>Amida <\/em>(silent, standing prayer) the following prayer is inserted in the blessing of <em>V\u2019LeYerushalayim Ircha<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>HaShem<\/em> our God, console the mourners of Zion and the mourners of Jerusalem, and the city that is mournful, destroyed, shamed, and desolate. Mournful without her children, destroyed without her residences, shamed without her honor, and desolate without inhabitant. She sits with her head covered, like a barren woman who does not give birth. She has been devoured by the legions, and conquered by the worshipers of foreign powers, and they put your people, Israel, to the sword and willfully murdered the devout [servants] of the High One. Therefore Zion cries bitterly, and Jerusalem raises her voice, \u201cMy heart! My heart [aches] on the slain! My stomach! My stomach [aches] on the slain!\u201d For You, God, with fire you burned her, and with fire you will rebuild her, as it is said, \u201cAnd I will be for her, says God, a wall of fire around her, and I will be a glory within her.\u201d(Zechariah 2:9) Blessed are You, God, Who consoles Zion and builds Jerusalem.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Night After Tisha B\u2019Av<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Tisha B\u2019Av<\/em> ends at nightfall. Even though the fast ends that night, it is proper to not eat meat or bathe until <em>chatzos hayom<\/em> (midday) the following day. This is because the Temple continued to burn into the tenth day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shabbos and the 9th of Av<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>When the 9th of Av falls on Shabbos the fast is postponed until Sunday. In such a case, while one should still abstain from eating meat and drinking wine the following night, one need not do so the next day. <em>Havdalah<\/em> must be recited before eating. Candle and <em>besomim<\/em> are not used, and it is permitted to drink the wine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tisha B&#8217;Av (9th of Av) &#8211; The Purpose of Fasting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As the anniversary of the most tragic events in Jewish history, the 9th of Av is the most important day of mourning in the Jewish year. Like all fast days, the basic purpose of <em>Tisha B\u2019Av <\/em>is for us to meditate upon the tragedies that have come about through our sins and to commit to rectifying those errors. As Maimonides writes (Hil. Taanios 5:1):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are days when all Israel fasts because of the troubles that occurred on them, in order to arouse the hearts to begin the ways of repentance and to be a reminder of our evil deeds and the deeds of our ancestors that were like our deeds today which brought them and us these troubles. For by remembering these things we are brought to return to the good, as it says (Leviticus 26:40), \u201cAnd they shall confess their sin and the sin of their ancestors.\u201d<br>The sources enumerate a number of different sins that were the root causes of the destruction, and which should be the primary focus of repentance on these days. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Unjustified hatred of our fellow Jews (<em>sinas chinam<\/em>)<\/strong> &#8211; We must work to feel love towards our fellow Jews, and also for all human beings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Murder<\/strong> &#8211; We should work on ourselves to respect our fellow man and see in him the image of God that exists in every person. Even publicly shaming another person is likened to murder.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Idolatry <\/strong>&#8211; We must recognize that only God is the cause of good and bad. No person or thing can hurt you or help you unless it is the will of God. Nothing else has any real power in the world. We should focus on developing our relationship with <em>HaShem <\/em>and to realize that He cares about each and every one of us and hears our prayers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Immorality <\/strong>&#8211; Not only must we avoid outright acts of immorality, but we must also train ourselves to avoid circumstances and situations that can lead us in that direction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Neglect of Torah study<\/strong> &#8211; We must recognize that the Torah is God\u2019s direct revelation to us. As such, it is fundamentally different from all other forms of knowledge. From the Torah we learn what our purpose is in this world and how to achieve that purpose. Our attitude towards the Torah must express this recognition. We must not treat the study of Torah like any other form of study.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Wishing you an easy and meaningful fast! May Mashiach come speedily in our days!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taken with permission from <a href=\"http:\/\/shesileizeisim.blogspot.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/shesileizeisim.blogspot.com\/<\/a> by Rabbi Eliezer Abrahamson<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/torahmates.org\/sign-up.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn More! Join Torahmates<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An Oorah Holiday Guide The three weeks that begin on Shiva Asar B&#8217;Tammuz (17th of Tammuz) and end on Tisha B\u2019Av (the 9th of Av) are a period of mourning [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4509,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sfsi_plus_gutenberg_text_before_share":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_show_text_before_share":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_icon_type":"","sfsi_plus_gutenberg_icon_alignemt":"","sfsi_plus_gutenburg_max_per_row":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[580,35,8,2],"tags":[13,581,33,236,237],"class_list":["post-4503","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fast-days","category-guides","category-judaism-101","category-shabbat-and-holidays","tag-articles","tag-days-of-mourning","tag-guides","tag-ninth-of-av","tag-tisha-bav"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>9th of Av and 17th of Tammuz - The Three Weeks - Jewish Resources<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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